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La Natura - La Chiave

Marco Casucci - Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

In questo mondo e in quest’epoca sempre più dominata dalla tecnica e dalla volontà di dominio inconsapevole di un’umanità sempre più chiusa in se stessa in forme autoreferenziali, tornare a parlare di natura può sembrare quasi ironico: un passatempo da intellettuali che cercano attraverso il concetto di ripensare qualcosa che è decisamente perduto e dissolto nella presa violenta di una manualità che si estende fino ai limiti del manipolabile. Tutto è manipolabile – e la natura, come disse Nietzsche – ha oramai gettato la chiave proprio perché la presa di cui siamo capaci è talmente efficace da non lasciare più niente al caso. Ma è davvero così? Non c’è forse margine per il pensiero di orientarsi ad una meditazione in cui i fili segreti di una natura naturans non tornino a far sentire i loro effetti nelle forme di un nascondimento evocativo e pur sempre presente, oltre l’apparente volontà di dominio di cui ci illudiamo di essere capaci. Il potere naturante della natura effettivamente si fa sempre sentire pur sempre nell’assenza di una presenza che rimane al di là di ogni presa possibile e che si riverbera oltre i limiti di un possesso che ci vuole sempre stranieri in casa propria. La natura che abitiamo è infatti sorprendentemente viva oltre il rumore di fondo delle nostre esistenze sempre più tecnicizzate e ricrea continuamente la possibilità di un dialogo evocativo che non si lascia mai prendere nella rete delle nostre “conoscenze”. Forse oggi più che mai è necessario restituire la natura al suo statuto di evento in un orizzonte in cui l’accadere e il lasciar essere possano tornare ad essere il luogo di manifestazione di una mondità inclusiva in cui l’appartenere e l’abbandonare non siano avvertiti più come alternative ma piuttosto come coappartenenti ad uno sguardo d’insieme in cui il gesto dell’aprire la mano non sia visto come una debolezza ma come l’autentica forza del nostro essere in relazione col mondo medesimo. Tornare ad un dialogo con la natura è quindi quanto mai essenziale ed è su questa via che questo numero de “Il Pensare” si arrischia, proponendo una molteplicità di prospettive e di vie attraverso cui questo dialogo può essere ancora possibile “nonostante” la natura abbia gettato la chiave – o, meglio, nonostante noi avvertiamo nella nostra condizione di eredi della modernità lo scarto e l’assenza di un rapporto che tuttavia ci appartiene e ci è necessario più che mai. Non mi dilungo ulteriormente perché davvero ci troviamo dinanzi ad una estrema ricchezza di contenuti, tale che forse non basterebbero generazioni ad esaurire, così come è testimoniato dall’ampiezza degli interventi che contribuiscono a questo numero e che spaziano attraverso l’ampia gamma delle figure che nella storia del pensiero hanno affrontato il tema, sempre cercando il punto di tangenza tra l’uomo e la natura come luogo di dialogo e di relazione e anche di scontro, ma pur sempre nell’esigenza base di un recupero imprescindibile. Forse non è tanto la natura ad aver gettato la chiave… siamo noi che pensiamo erroneamente che la porta sia chiusa, laddove la natura stessa, nella molteplicità e nella ricchezza che ci offre, ha da sempre lasciato la porta spalancata a chiunque voglia affacciarsi sulla vera natura delle cose.

Nature – The Key

In this world and era increasingly dominated by technology and the unconscious will to dominate by a humanity more and more closed in on itself in self-referential forms, returning to talk about nature may seem almost ironic: a pastime for intellectuals who try, through the concept, to rethink something that is decidedly lost and dissolved in the violent grip of a manuality that extends to the limits of the manipulable. Everything is manipulable—and nature, as Nietzsche said, has now thrown away the key precisely because the grip we are capable of is so effective that nothing is left to chance anymore. But is it really so? Is there not perhaps room for thought to orient itself towards a meditation in which the secret threads of a nature naturans do not once again make their effects felt in forms of evocative concealment and yet always present, beyond the apparent will to dominate of which we delude ourselves into being capable? The naturing power of nature indeed always makes itself felt even in the absence of a presence that remains beyond any possible grasp and reverberates beyond the limits of a possession that always wants us to be strangers in our own home. The nature we inhabit is, in fact, surprisingly alive beyond the background noise of our increasingly technicized existences and continuously recreates the possibility of an evocative dialogue that never allows itself to be caught in the web of our "knowledge." Perhaps today more than ever it is necessary to restore nature to its status as an event in a horizon where happening and letting be can once again be the place of manifestation of an inclusive worldliness in which belonging and abandoning are no longer felt as alternatives but rather as co-belonging to a comprehensive view in which the gesture of opening the hand is not seen as a weakness but as the authentic strength of our being in relation to the world itself. Returning to a dialogue with nature is therefore more essential than ever, and it is along this path that this issue of "Il Pensare" ventures, proposing a multiplicity of perspectives and ways through which this dialogue can still be possible "despite" nature having thrown away the key—or rather, despite us feeling in our condition as heirs of modernity the gap and the absence of a relationship that nonetheless belongs to us and is more necessary than ever. I will not dwell further because we truly find ourselves faced with an extreme richness of content, such that perhaps generations would not suffice to exhaust it, as evidenced by the breadth of the contributions to this issue that span the wide range of figures in the history of thought who have addressed the theme, always seeking the point of tangency between man and nature as a place of dialogue and relationship and also of conflict, but always with the fundamental need for an indispensable recovery. Perhaps it is not so much that nature has thrown away the key... it is we who mistakenly think that the door is closed, whereas nature itself, in the multiplicity and richness it offers, has always left the door wide open to anyone who wants to look out onto the true nature of things.

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L'artificialità del concetto empirico di natura. Piero Martinetti e Teodorico Moretti-Costanzi a confronto con Spinoza

Martino Bozza - Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

The artificiality of the empirical concept of nature. Piero Martinetti and Teodorico Moretti-Costanzi in comparison with Spinoza. Piero Martinetti and Teodorico Moretti-Costanzi are two significant exponents of the twentieth-century philosophical horizon of spiritualism. Each of the two authors deepens his or her thought within this horizon in an absolutely different and personal manner, but it is very significant how, with respect to the theme of nature, the outcome of the two reflections appears to converge on similar conclusions. The horizon that opens up is that of a nature that, without reference to a foundation, capable of motivating and legitimising its perfect regularity, remains merely a human artifice for the description of the empirical dimension of reality.

Keywords: Nature; Foundation; Artificial; Empirical; Ontology.

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“Natura” tra immanenza e dialettica. Perché secondo Hegel nella filosofia di Spinoza la “natura” non è presente: una critica all’accusa di acosmismo.

Noemi Call – University of Vienna, Austria

“Nature” between immanence and dialectics. Why there is no nature in the philosophy of Spinoza according to Hegel: a critique of the accusation of acosmism. The aim of this article is to discuss a philosophical, more precisely ontological, perspective on “nature” between dialectics and immanence. According to Hegel, nature and the world are non-existent in Spinoza’s philosophy and substance as the cause and principle of everything is indeterminable. Spinozism is acosmism since nothing has really begun to be(come). Based on the “with-what” Hegel begins to philosophize, an attempt is first made to trace, why, according to Hegel, Spinozism is understood as acosmism. Through a critique of the acosmistic interpretation of Spinoza, it will be shown that with a non-acosmistic reading of Spinoza, Hegel’s dialectical thinking itself is questioned with regards to how “nature” can be conceived. According to Hegel, “nature” as landscape with its phenomena – mountains, rivers, seas, valleys – is without concept and therefore inanimate, since there is no referentiality between its different elements, as is the case with the Spinozian substance and its manifestations.

Keywords: Nature; Acosmism, Thinking of the Beginning, Beginning of Thinking, Dialectics, Immanence.

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L’altra natura e la scepsi di Leopardi.

Luigi Capitano – Università di Palermo, Italia

The other nature and Leopardi’s skepsis The complex question of Nature is one of the most discussed themes in Leopardi's philosophy. The theme is reconsidered here under two aspects: firstly, by inserting it within the framework of the rival scientific paradigms of matter and life; and secondly, by inserting it in the evolution and restless polyphony of Leopardi’s thought, with particular reference to the underlying skepsis that tends to rebalance the most extreme versions of a nature that appears – under various names and guises – now «benign», now «stepmotherly», and finally guilty of all evil. Beyond the worn-out formulas to the opposite excess of removal (think of the forms of Leopardi’s pessimism), it’s about questioning more deeply the other nature – «almost of another species» – to which Leopardi often alludes, beyond the mere preservation of matter and bare life itself. Moreover, reorienting Leopardi’s problem of nature into a new ecocentric perspective would make it possible to overcome the anthropocentric vice that remains at the root of all human hybris. In this direction it would be possible to recover a less dramatic confrontation with the archetype of Mother Earth (Gaia), without forgetting that «nobil natura» is represented, for Leopardi, by the «flower of the desert».

Keywords: Leopardi, Nature, matter-life antinomy, skepticism, ecocentrism.

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“In cammino verso la natura”: un itinerario nel “pensare poetante” di Emerson e Thoreau.

Marco Casucci – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

On the Way to Nature: a Course through Emerson’s and Thoreau’s “Poetizing Thinking” The purpose of this essay is to embark on a journey through nature with Emerson and Thoreau. The two American thinkers, not only intertwined in their experiences as mentor and pupil but also profoundly contributed to providing essential guidelines for re-establishing a relationship with nature. While drawing inspiration from a certain romantic and idealistic framework, this relationship already displays a decidedly contemporary approach. On one hand, the two emphasize a strong participatory inclination towards the unfolding of nature, highlighting, at the same time, the experiential nature of a recovery that always manifests itself through the mode of "path": an essential aspect to rediscover the proper rhythm of a relationship that can never be purely intellectual but must rather traverse time and corporeality.

Keywords: Nature, Emerson, Thoreau, Time, Eternity, Man.

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L’inquietudine attraversa la caverna. Su cultura, angoscia e adattamento naturale in Hans Blumenberg.

Glauco Mario Celeste – Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italia

Unrest crosses the cave. On culture, anguish and natural adaptation in Hans Blumenberg. This essay focuses on H. Blumenberg’s thought concerning the human state of nature, the adaptive inability and the emergence of symbolic forms. I will discuss the assumption that the cave is an absolute metaphor, initially representing the cognitive limit of theoretical activity, and progressively becoming the fundamental paradigm of the birth of culture. A generative hermeneutical approach is taken on in order to comment on the third chapter of Höhlenausgänge from a different perspective, investigating the paradigm of the prehistoric cave as an anthropogonic myth supported by the conception of the absolutism of reality and the interpretation of the Cura’s fable. All this work is crossed by questions about the divergence of symbolic structures from organic systems, speculating on the cave's shadows as the first intentional scaffold of embedded sense-making.

Keywords: Blumenberg; Symbolic forms; Cave; Natural adaptation; Existential angst.

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Marija Gimbutas e Carolyn Merchant in un possibile incontro per la rinascita della Natura.

Paola Chiatti - SFI Sezione Perugia, Italia

Marija Gimbutas and Carolyn Merchant in a possible meeting for the Rebirth of Nature This paper emerges from the violence, wars, climate crisis and poverty we see in today’s world and seeks to offer solutions through the philosophies of Marija Gimbutas and Carolyn Merchant. Gimbutas, with the myth of the Mother Goddess, and Merchant, with the defense of the land, come together to propose a renewed piety, an image of nature as a benevolent mother, and a new participation in the processes of the living earth. This approach fosters a socialist ecofeminist perspective which may be the only way to prepare for the future and witness a new dawn.

Keywords: Marija Gimbutas; Carolyn Merchant; Mother Goddess; Piety; Mechanism; Capitalism; Patriarchy; Hylozoism; Greed; Care; Earth Mother; Ecofeminism; Dawn.

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Hombre, naturaleza y trabajo una perspectiva antropológica de la relacion en Hesiodo.

María Cecilia Colombani - Universidad de Morón / Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina

Man, Nature and Work: An Anthropological Perspective on Relationship in Hesiod The work consists of going through the marks that the objects present in Jobs and Days. Taking into account the characteristics of the poem in relation to its link with work, we believe that the importance of objects in the life of the farmer is fundamental as tools capable of transforming nature. The difference between man and animal revolves around the notion of justice, virtue and work as properly anthropological notions. Hesiod is opening the game of philosophical reflection on the subject of the human kosmos, since Zeus has granted justice to men as a tool for consolidating that universe. From this brief theoretical framework, we propose to review the importance of objects in the scenario of work and seasonal cycles, considering that the poietic capacity is the possibility of transforming the natural topos to turn it into a human topos.

Keywords: Hesiod; Work; Objects; Cultur.

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Il significato della nozione di natura nella filosofia di Descartes. Heidegger critico del cartesianesimo.

Alberto De Vita – Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Italia

The meaning of the notion of nature in Descartes' philosophy. Heidegger critic of Cartesianism In this article, I will investigate the meaning of the notion of nature in Descartes' philosophy. In order to do so, I will first trace the reading of Cartesian thought given by Heidegger, who has pointedly criticised Descartes' epistemology, arguing that his logic reduces the world and the subject to an abstract oppositional relationship: thus, Descartes lost their ontological essence. Secondly, I will identify some operational definitions of nature in the Cartesian work, showing how what Descartes calls 'nature' tends to be confused with the divine reality, thereby proving irreducible to the logical domain of subjectivity, or the objectual domain opposed to it. I will conclude my paper by specifying the relation of difference that exists, according to Descartes, between the ego and nature.

Keywords: Descartes; Heidegger; Nature; Ego; Cogitatio.

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Ritornare alla natura ierofanica. Sul simbolo dell’albero in Mircea Eliade.

Simon Francesco Di Rupo – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

Returning to hierophanic nature. On the symbol of the tree in Mircea Eliade This paper aims to contribute to a philosophical reflection on nature by focusing on the tree's symbolism as Mircea Eliade treated it. Thanks to the tools offered by this author, we will be able to observe what the tree represents, starting from an assortment of historical-religious references. This symbol can also speak to the spirituality of humanity today. Returning to a form of attention to the sacredness of nature is not only a historical recovery of archaic phenomena. Eliade's ontological perspective places the sacred symbol for the benefit of a renewal of man's relationship with nature. The study aims to question the possibility of recovering a hierophantic vision to ward off the danger of a desacralising individualism that distorts the existential coordinates of the human being concerning nature and the cosmos.

Keywords: Hyerophany; nature; philosophy; religion; tree; sacred.

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Le scienze positive e il loro fallimento nei riguardi della filosofia dello spirito. Una riflessione sulle Lezioni Natura e Spirito di Edmund Husserl.

Nicoletta Ghigi – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

The positive Sciences and their Failure in Regard to the Philosophy of Spirit. A Reflection on Edmund Husserl’s Lectures Nature and Spirit. This paper aims to review some fundamental aspects of Husserlian phenomenology, focusing in particular on the Husserlian Lectures on Nature and Spirit. The theme of the unfair opposition between a philosophy of nature and a philosophy of spirit, which Husserl deals with on several occasions in many of his published and unpublished works, becomes important for understanding the ultimate meaning of phenomenology, which is not only to achieve a unique and first philosophy as objective knowledge and to solve Descartes’ famous problem of an absolute, of the uncountable. Rather, the goal of Husserlian philosophy is also to push for a stance on the part of human consciousness, of a meaning that runs through history and manifests itself daily in the world-of-life, through the various significations and beyond the significations themselves.

Keywords: Nature, Spirit, Lebenswelt, Positivism.

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Natura e Transumanesimo, decostruzione del mysterium fascinans.

Ignazio Iacone – Libera Università Mediterranea (LUM) “Giuseppe Degennaro”, Italia

Nature and Transhumanism, deconstruction of the mysterium fascinans Postmodern philosophy, from Nietzsche to Transhumanism, has destructively deconstructed the entire history of traditional ontology, which has always identified being with entities. Nature from mysterium fascinans et tremenudum is considered manipulable and sometimes replicable matter. Man, himself, is no longer considered an unrepeatable subject by transhumanist philosophy. The aspiration to definitively erase ageing through the profitable use of bioengineering, is only a first step towards an anthropological turning point within which even the concept of physis itself undergoes a radical transformation. The need for a strong ethics, an open and dynamic bioethics capable of mastering this phase, which has now begun, is the essential requirement for recreating the conditions for a reconciliation with our finitude. On the level of the anthropological challenge and biology, the consideration concerns the clash between two visions: the conception of a science that has absolute value, functional to progress and not to the person, and that of a science that defines itself as such to the extent that it knows how to set limits for itself, even assuming imperfection as an element of scientificity.

Keywords: Nature; Transhumanism; Technology; Man; Body.

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Die Natur und die Sache selbst. Versuch einer Kritik des praktischen Registers der Rede von Natur.

Daniel Kuran – University of Vienna, Austria

Nature and the Crux of the Matter. A Critique of the Practical Register of the Discourse on Nature. This contribution demonstrates that a philosophical approach towards nature implies a variety of different ways of speaking about nature – among them a theoretical, a practical, and an aesthetic discourse. Since I argue that the practical discourse is currently prevailing, I refer to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit to develop a fundamental analysis and critique of the subject’s practical relationship with nature in the modern era. Hegel’s chapter “The Spiritual Kingdom of Animals and Deception; or the Crux of the Matter” is linked to current discussions on the anthropocene and the deception of “greenwashing”. The main thesis is that in current discourses on nature the form of knowledge that Hegel called the “crux of the matter” (die Sache selbst) is being reproduced and results in turning nature into a superficial brand. An aesthetic approach towards nature is used as a contrast against the practical discourse.

Keywords: Nature; Hegel; Phenomenology of Spirit; The Crux of the Matter.

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L’unità della natura e il recupero della sua esperienza. Schopenhauer e Bergson oltre il criticismo.

Mattia Loreti – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

The unity of nature and the recovery of its experience. Schopenhauer and Bergson beyond Criticism This article aims to approach Schopenhauer and Bergson in their attempt to go beyond the canons of criticism, to revalorise an access and closeness to nature that is no longer subject to the subject-object relationship. This is the framework in which the importance of the experience of corporeity and durée respectively will be emphasised, but above all their metaphysical implications, in which an alternative conception of the concept of nature and the relationship between man and nature itself is founded.

Keywords: Nature; Intuition; Anthropomorphism; Cosmos.

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La Natura come relazione. Riflessioni fenomenologiche sull’alleanza tra uomo, natura e tecnica.

Alessio Martino – Università di Pavia, Italia

Nature as relation. Phenomenological reflections on the relationship between humanity, nature and technology. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to propose a novel framework for rethinking the relationship between human and nature based on Merleau-Ponty’s ontology, transcending the dualist logic that characterized Western philosophy. Beginning by examining the concepts of ‘wilderness’, ‘biodiversity’ and ‘technology’, the study exposes the limitations of current approaches, even those that consider themselves solutions. To chart an alternative path, the paper introduces the post-human approach, which, while on the right direction, lacks radicality. To rethink identity in a relational sense, integrating alterity as part of the dynamic formation of the self, the paper analyzes Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, particularly his reflections about nature. From this perspective, alterity, both natural and technological, is not disjointed but an essential part of humanity, integrating its activity, even technological ones, with the natural soil from which it arises. Finally, relational ontology proves valuable for the ecological thought, recognizing nature and humanity as co-belonging.

Keywords: Nature; Relationality; Merleau-Ponty; Biodiversity; Wilderness; Technology.

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«Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret». Naturalità: il necessario apparire del reale.

Marco Moschini – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

Naturalness: the necessary appearance of the real Naturalness, worldliness, reality, urge us to reflect on the wholeness of the worldly relational experience in which we are. We must liberate the concept of nature, naturalness, from the utilitarian way of considering it; just as we must liberate it from the indefiniteness of an infinite void to which vulgar spiritualisms want to force it. We must recover its concreteness, its solidity and its ambientity. In it, everyone is redeemed. Worldliness and concreteness, conscience, and life, always express the strength of our conscience that is called to understand the real to which man belongs. It is authentic realism that underlies every authentic vision of the experience of consciousness that turns to nature. The authentic expression of reality does not forcibly push nature away because it nevertheless returns and remains victorious. It is powerfully eloquent, present, concrete in that logic of truth and being from which no thought that wishes to call itself authentic and authoritative can be distracted.

Keywords: Naturalness; worldliness; reality.

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Tornare alla Natura per riscoprire il valore dell’umano? Note sulla filosofia della natura di Schelling.

Francesco Porchia – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia / University of Vienna, Austria

A return to Nature to rediscover the value of the human? Notes on Schelling's philosophy of nature. The philosophy of nature in Schelling has often been understood as a mere interlude in his thought. More recent studies have re-evaluated the theme of nature by understanding how it is extended throughout Schelling's philosophy. Reintroducing the theme of nature in Schelling means confronting the question of the foundation and the relationship between the infinite and existence. The question that emerges then is: what is the role of the human in nature?

Keywords: Schelling, Nature, God, Human Being, Life-Death.

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"Beckoning: The Appeal of Nature in Emerson and Gadamer”.

Matthew R. Russell – University of Texas at Austin, United States of America

This essay seeks to bring together the different theoretical and aesthetic concepts concerning nature as found in the work of Emerson and Gadamer through the notion of a governing relation between nature and humanity, one that retains its force in our contemporary Anthropocene culture. Beginning with an excursus into Emerson’s seminal Nature essay (1836) and its depiction of a world of nature that is open both to human building and preservation, this essay contends that there is nevertheless in Emerson the spectral echo of an inaccessible essence of the natural world that is both epistemological and ontological. Deeply skeptical of the technical determinism of his age, Gadamer’s hermeneutical explorations into the natural world also rejects the objectification of the nature in favor of an understanding of nature that is deeply felt or conceived as an originary relation. Rather than embracing a Romantic longing to return to a lost origin, both Emerson and Gadamer seem to offer ways of thinking and listening to nature within the defaced world of the Anthropocene.

Keywords: Transcendentalism; Emerson; Hermeneutics; Gadamer; Anthropocene; Nature; Relation; Aesthetics.

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La struttura dell’universo in Teilhard de Chardin e la «coerenza» del reale. Condizioni e convergenza della storia naturale.

Samuele Strati – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

The Structure of the Universe in Teilhard de Chardin and the “Coherence” of Reality. Conditions and Convergence of Natural History The aim of this article is to present the cosmological reflection of the french paleon-tologist and jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955). The universe is described as an evolving totality, in progression and directed to a final point of convergence, to which it naturally tends. There is constantly at work in it a universal and natural law, which Teilhard names the “law of complexity-consciousness”, which postulates a correlation between the state of complexity of matter and the level of development of the psychism associated with it. This defines the history of the cosmos in the terms of a universal natural history. The article first present the conditions that Teil-hard de Chardin poses for this natural history. Next, it analyzes what he means by the term “evolution” and explains the law of complexity-consciousness. Finally, it analyzes the convergent structure of evolution, and ending with a note on the rela-tionship between two closely related concepts: the coherence and infallibility of the universe.

Keywords: Teilhard de Chardin; Evolution; Natural History; Coherence; Conver-gence; Omega.

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Il sintetico: la fine del paradigma epistemologico-esperienziale di naturale e artificiale.

Mattia Vicentini – Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Italia

The synthetic: the end of the epistemological-experiential paradigm of natural and artificial Natural and artificial are the two classical categories used by philosophy in its history to interpret reality. These are no longer sufficient since the synthetic has begun to be part of human life. The synthetic is becoming more and more a part of our lives: from laboratory-produced colours at the beginning of the 19th century, to an ever-increasing acceleration in recent decades with in vitro meat (IVM) and the first laboratory-produced bacterium, Mycoplasma capricolum. There is an increasingly urgent need to rethink the relationship between natural and artificial in the light of the synthetic, in order to better understand it and to interpret the now-fragmented border between the two terms. The synthetic is inserted between the two by taking the form of an ambiguous reality: it does not differ from nature understood in either intensive or extensive terms, but at the same time is the product of a process through which the artificial is normally produced. The investigation takes the form of interdisciplinary and panoramic research, with tools particularly from philosophy and sociology, in order to better determine the three key concepts, their relationships and show the need for a rethinking of the classical dualism between natural and artificial.

Keywords: synthetic; artificial; natural; dualism; interdisciplinary research.

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Natura e umanità nell’etica della responsabilità di Hans Jonas.

Marco Viscomi – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

Nature and humanity in Hans Jonas' ethics of responsibility The current situation of our contemporaneity presents us with a highly critical scenery. This condition of adversity arises from the way in which human beings conceive of themselves in relation to nature. We live in the existential perspective that appeared at the dawn of the atomic age, in the middle of the last century. With the full maturation of the age of technique, an immense capacity for action on reality has developed in our hands. This power now forces us to meditate on the responsibility deriving from the enormous power, that we exercise both on our contemporaneity and on the intrinsic conditions of every possible posterity to come. In aid of this crucial commitment of thought and action, Hans Jonas proposes an itinerary of reflection between the being of nature and the ought-to-be of humanity.

Keywords: Hans Jonas; Responsibility; Ethics, Ontology; Anthropology.

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Idee per un’ontologia della rivelazione: tra eternità e temporalità.

Federico Brutti – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

Towards an ontology of revelation: between eternity and temporality The aim of this paper is to explore a theoretical way of thinking the relationship between eternity and temporality from the perspective of an essential and mutual co-belonging. In this direction, the article suggests an intepretation of Saint’Anselm’s ontological argument inspired from Pantaleo Carabellese’s thought, in which God’s revelation is conceived as the attestation of his immediate presence to consciousness, differently from the traditional view of an existential dimostration. This position allows to propose a singular parallelism between Anselm’s ontological argument and Parmenides’ doctrine of being: the presocratic author gives, in fact, the first formulation of the identity between being and thinking, that represents the crucial element of Anselm’s theological proposal. The same essential position could be also recognised in Baruch Spinoza’s thought: the dutch philosopher describes, actually, the human intellect as the “place” of God’s revelation like the only and infinite substance. In this context, Spinoza offers a particular vision of “eternal life”, not as a form of immortality that begins after death, but, on the contrary, as a special intellectual condition, an exceptional experience that could be realized during life itself.

Keywords: Ontology; Eternity; Temporality; Consciousness; Parmenides; Anselm; Spinoza; Nietzsche; Carabellese.

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Codice Versiglioni. Dal linguaggio naturale al linguaggio matematico.

Marco Versiglioni – Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italia

Versiglioni Code. From natural language to mathematical language.

This contribution, which for the examination of the syntactic profiles refers to www.dirittomatematico.it, aims to illustrate some terminological profiles of the Versiglioni Code, the core code underlying the hypothesis of a General theory of language characterized by Language with augmented truth. This hypothesis constitutes the implementation in a linguistic sense of the hypothesis of a General theory of law derived from a universal human algorithm, the Norm of use of itself. The product of this norm is Mathematical law, a Family of sets able to contain and explain all existing law, that is, everything that a human being commonly calls law, whatever the temporal and/or spatial context or the ethical and/or scientific significance of the different identity traditions (civil law, common law, law with truth, law without truth, etc.). At the same time, the essay aims to provide an emblematic sample of the Versiglioni Dictionary set, which contains elements derived from the Versiglioni Code.

Keywords: Versiglioni code; Code; Natural language; Mathematical language; Digi-tal language; Mathematical law; Digital law; Artificial intelligence; Big data; Predic-tive justice; Codex; Qr code; Bar code; Smart contracts.

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